19 Approximate Inference
19.1 Inference as Optimization
19.2 Expectation Maximization
19.3 MAP Inference and Sparse Coding
19.4 Variational Inference and Learning
19.4.1 Discrete Latent Variables
19.4.2 Calculus of Variations
19.4.3 Continuous Latent Variables
19.4.4 Interactions between Learning and Inference
19.5 Learned Approximate Inference
19.5.1 Wake-Sleep